Wealthy Psyche

Wealthy Psyche

Decoding the mind

Great Minds

Architects of thought · Masters of the inner world

Gilbert Ryle

Gilbert Ryle

Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976) was a prominent British philosopher, best known for his critique of Cartesian dualism. He was a leading f…

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Ernst Nolte

Ernst Nolte

German historian who ignited the 1986 Historikerstreit with a single provocative thesis: that the Nazi Holocaust was a defensive r…

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Umberto Eco

Umberto Eco

Italian semiotician and novelist who gave fascism studies its most widely circulated diagnostic tool: the concept of Ur-Fascism. I…

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Roger Griffin

Roger Griffin

British political theorist who reoriented fascist studies around a single definitional core: palingenetic ultranationalism. His 19…

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Robert Paxton

Robert Paxton

Robert Paxton is the historian who dismantled the search for a fixed fascist ideology and replaced it with a dynamic, five-stage m…

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Giovanni Gentile

Giovanni Gentile

Giovanni Gentile built the philosophical architecture of Italian fascism. His system, 'actual idealism,' held that reality is noth…

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Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini gave fascism its name, its symbol, and its most explicit doctrine: the totalitarian state as an absolute. In 'The…

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Duane P. Schultz

Duane P. Schultz

Duane P. Schultz was an American psychologist and a leading historian of psychology whose textbooks defined the field for generati…

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Edwin Garrigues Boring

Edwin Garrigues Boring

Edwin Garrigues Boring was an American psychologist and a preeminent historian of psychology. His magnum opus, 'A History of Exper…

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Ayn Rand

Ayn Rand

Ayn Rand built Objectivism, a philosophical system that grounds laissez-faire capitalism in rational self-interest rather than eco…

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Ludwig von Mises

Ludwig von Mises

Ludwig von Mises is the economist who demonstrated that a socialist economy cannot rationally allocate resources because it lacks …

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Karl Polanyi

Karl Polanyi

Karl Polanyi argued that the self-regulating market was not a natural development but a historically contingent and socially destr…

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